True Cost Assessment Methods for Quantifying the Multi-dimensional Impacts of Food

This three-part review synthesises methods for valuing the hidden health, environmental, and socioeconomic costs of food systems. It highlights major methodological gaps, heavy reliance on top-down models, limited applicability in LMICs, and inconsistent indicators. The reviews call for more context-specific data, better standardisation, and integrated approaches that capture full lifecycle impacts across food systems.