This study maps the prevalence of solid-fuel use for cooking in 98 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), evaluating its health and environmental impact.
Key findings:
Despite progress, solid-fuel use remains widespread, affecting 593 million people in areas with >95% reliance.
Household air pollution from solid fuels is linked to 205,000 child deaths annually from lower respiratory tract infections.
66% of LMICs are off-track in achieving universal access to clean cooking fuels by 2030.
Ambient air pollution is worsening, undermining improvements from reduced household fuel use.
Targeted interventions and accelerated clean-fuel adoption are needed to reduce health risks and environmental damage.
This geospatial analysis provides actionable insights for public health policies to address air pollution and health inequalities.
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